For Tourette syndrome, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:. Don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment anytime you don't understand something or need more information.
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow time later to cover other points you want to address.
Your doctor may ask:. Tourette syndrome care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Diagnosis There's no specific test that can diagnose Tourette syndrome. The criteria used to diagnose Tourette syndrome include: Both motor tics and vocal tics are present, although not necessarily at the same time Tics occur several times a day, nearly every day or intermittently, for more than a year Tics begin before age 18 Tics aren't caused by medications, other substances or another medical condition Tics must change over time in location, frequency, type, complexity or severity.
More Information Tourette syndrome care at Mayo Clinic Botox injections Cognitive behavioral therapy Deep brain stimulation Psychotherapy Show more related information. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Jankovic J. Tourette syndrome. Accessed Nov. Ferri FF. Tourette's syndrome. Philadelphia, Pa. Skip to main content. Neuromuscular system. Home Neuromuscular system. Tourette syndrome.
Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. Symptoms of Tourette syndrome Levels of Tourette syndrome Causes of Tourette syndrome Additional difficulties for children with Tourette syndrome Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome Treatment for Tourette syndrome Where to get help.
Symptoms of Tourette syndrome The symptoms of Tourette syndrome can differ from one person to the next, but may include: A variety of tics, such as eye blinking, shrugging and facial grimace — milder forms of Tourette syndrome can be misdiagnosed, as it often occurs at the same time as ADHD, obsessive compulsive disorder and conduct disorders At least one involuntary vocalisation such as grunting, sniffing or barking that is repeated over and over 'Attacks' of tics and vocalisations, either daily or regularly Other behavioural or learning difficulties, such as dyslexia or obsessive compulsive behaviour Waxing and waning of the symptoms over several weeks or months.
Levels of Tourette syndrome Tourette syndrome can be mild, moderate or severe. These are: Simple — a milder version, including tics such as blinking, sniffing, shrugging and grimacing and vocalisations such as grunting and clearing the throat Complex — a more severe version, including jumping, spinning in circles and compulsively touching things, and vocalisations such as repeating words or sounds echolalia and swearing coprolalia.
Causes of Tourette syndrome The exact cause of Tourette syndrome remains a mystery, but research is focusing on a number of possibilities, including: Genetic factors — Tourette syndrome seems to be an inherited condition. A child of a person with Tourette syndrome has a 50 per cent chance of developing the condition themselves.
Boys are three times more likely to inherit the condition than girls. Streptococcal infection — the streptococcus bacterium can cause a wide range of infections, ranging from mild to severe and life threatening.
One theory proposes that a particular infection may be responsible for the neurological changes associated with Tourette syndrome. Neurochemical abnormalities — the chemicals of the brain neurotransmitters seem to be metabolised differently in people with Tourette syndrome, especially the mood regulators dopamine and serotonin.
Other disorders — researchers are divided on whether or not Tourette syndrome is associated with other disorders such as ADHD and dyslexia and obsessive compulsive behaviours. Such disorders often appear together with Tourette syndrome. Additional difficulties for children with Tourette syndrome A child with Tourette syndrome may demonstrate other difficulties, such as sleeping problems, poor academic performance at school, low self-esteem and the inability to control their temper.
Treatment for Tourette syndrome Treatment for Tourette syndrome depends on the severity of the condition. Give feedback about this page. Was this page helpful? Yes No. View all neuromuscular system. Most medications prescribed for TS have not been approved by the U. Medications affect each person differently. One person might do well with one medication, but not another.
When deciding the best treatment, a doctor might try different medications and doses, and it may take time to find the treatment plan that works best.
The doctor will want to find the medication and dose that have the best results and the fewest side effects. Doctors often start with small doses and slowly increase as needed. As with all medications, those used to treat tics can have side effects. Side effects can include weight gain, stiff muscles, tiredness, restlessness, and social withdrawal.
The side effects need to be considered carefully when deciding whether or not to use any medication to treat tics. In some cases, the side effects can be worse than the tics. Even though medications often are used to treat the symptoms of TS, they might not be helpful for everyone. Two common reasons for not using medications to treat TS are unpleasant side effects and failure of the medications to work as well as expected.
Learn more about medications » external icon. Behavioral therapy is a treatment that teaches people with TS ways to manage their tics. Behavioral therapy is not a cure for tics. However, it can help reduce the number of tics, the severity of tics, the impact of tics, or a combination of all of these. It is important to understand that even though behavioral therapies might help reduce the severity of tics, this does not mean that tics are just psychological or that anyone with tics should be able to control them.
Habit reversal is one of the most studied behavioral interventions for people with tics 1. It has two main parts: awareness training and competing response training.
In the awareness training part, people identify each tic out loud. In the competing response part, people learn to do a new behavior that cannot happen at the same time as the tic. For example, if the person with TS has a tic that involves head rubbing, a new behavior might be for that person to place their hands on their knees, or to cross their arms so that the head rubbing cannot take place.
CBIT includes habit reversal in addition to other strategies, including education about tics and relaxation techniques 2. CBIT has been shown to be effective at reducing tic symptoms and tic-related impairment among children and adults. In CBIT, a therapist will work with a child and their parents or an adult with TS to better understand the types of tics the person is having and to understand the situations in which the tics are at their worst. Changes to the surroundings may be made, if possible, and the person with TS will also learn to do a new behavior instead of the tic habit reversal.
In addition, the child also can work with a psychologist to learn habit reversal techniques.
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